Foundations

The RNA-condensate interface study measures in-vitro RNA/PEG systems and compares interface behavior with molecular modeling.

Assembly, partitioning and a cellular phenotype do not alone identify whether phase separation causally produces that phenotype.

Gadd and colleagues resolved a Brd4 bromodomain–MZ1–VHL complex and combined binding, mutagenesis, proximity and cell-protein measurements.

Interface forces can support pressure jumps and capillary columns.

Heat is energy transferred because of a temperature difference.

Boundary work depends on the process, while internal energy is a state function.

The power law needs an ideal gas and constant heat-capacity ratio.

Restoring the system alone does not establish reversibility.

Use a reversible comparison path to calculate a state-function change.

A collision length depends on number density and cross section.

Responding to a target differs from excluding interference.

Chemical composition and spatial uniformity describe different features of matter.

A change of phase need not change chemical identity.

A formula's subscripts represent different information in different chemical models.

Scaling the system amount is different from changing its state.

Relative atomic mass is dimensionless and depends on the isotope composition being averaged.

Molar mass converts a specified substance's amount into mass.

Concentration must declare its numerator and denominator.

Dilution arithmetic refers to final solution volume, not the amount of solvent poured in.

Stoichiometry gives a maximum under a specified reaction model; recovery measures the actual yield.

Formal charge, oxidation state and partial charge answer different questions.

Strong describes ion formation by dissolved solute, not how much solute dissolves.

Cancel unchanged species while conserving both atoms and charge.

Water's molecular interactions help explain solvation, cohesion and thermal buffering.

Total particle concentration and lasting cell-volume effect are different properties.

Osmotic and mechanical contributions together determine passive water movement.

A system boundary determines which transfers count as exchanges.

Common non-SI unit names require their correct SI scale factors.

Molecular collisions link macroscopic pressure to random translational motion.

Solid, liquid and gas describe bulk behavior rather than chemical identity.