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Foundations
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Earth & cosmos
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Earth's structure & historyGeological structure, tectonics, strata and the record of Earth's past.35 reference entriesRocks, minerals & geochemistryMinerals, melts, chemical cycles, isotope evidence and planetary comparisons.35 reference entriesWater, surface & climateWater, sediment, ice, atmosphere, oceans and climate evidence.69 reference entriesGeophysics & Earth modelsEarth's interior, physical observations and coupled Earth-system models.48 reference entriesAstronomy & observationAstronomical measurements, light transfer and inference from observations.31 reference entriesStars & galaxiesStellar structure, nuclear processes, galaxies, accretion and cosmic plasma.50 reference entriesOrbits & planetary systemsOrbital motion, planetary comparisons and the dynamics of cosmic systems.47 reference entriesCosmologyCosmic expansion, structure formation, dark components and unresolved questions.18 reference entriesShared & other conceptsOther entries in this field, including foundations shared with other fields.17 reference entries