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Showing 1–30 of 204 reference entries

Physics · Information · MeasurementScientific records

Build an inspectable physics record, test and revise a bounded cart model, preserve processing history, and plan findable data with appropriate sharing conditions.

MethodMathematics & logic · InformationClassical propositions and connectives

Classical logic combines truth-valued propositions using defined connectives.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationSets, membership and basic operations

A set specifies membership without counting duplicate listings.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationFunctions, domain and codomain

A function assigns exactly one output to each input in its domain.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationMathematical induction

A base case and general successor step establish a predicate on all nonnegative integers.

MethodMathematics & logic · InformationComplex numbers

A complex number has real coordinates a and b and an imaginary unit satisfying i²=−1.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · Information · PhysicsLinear maps and matrix representation

A linear map preserves linear combinations and has a matrix once bases are chosen.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationProbability space and axioms

A probability assigns nonnegative, normalised, countably additive weights to events.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationConditional probability and independence

Conditioning restricts attention to an event of positive probability.

DefinitionMathematics & logic · InformationExpected value of a discrete random variable

Expected value weights possible values by their probabilities.

DefinitionInformation · Mathematics & logicBits and unsigned binary encoding

A bit has two possible states; a fixed-width unsigned binary word encodes an integer.

DefinitionInformation · Mathematics & logicShannon entropy of a discrete distribution

Shannon entropy measures uncertainty in a specified probability distribution.

DefinitionInformationAlgorithm and decision procedure

An algorithm specifies effective steps; a decision procedure must terminate on every permitted input.

MethodInformation · Mathematics & logicUndecidability of the halting problem

No total algorithm decides halting for every program and input in a general computation model.

Mathematical statementInformation · Mathematics & logicAsymptotic upper bounds and big O

Big O bounds eventual growth up to a fixed constant factor.

DefinitionInformationFinite-alphabet mutual information

Mutual information measures statistical dependence in bits.

DefinitionInformationNear-lossless source coding threshold

Entropy bounds asymptotic compression for an iid source.

Mathematical statementInformationDiscrete memoryless channel capacity

Capacity is the maximal asymptotically reliable rate.

Mathematical statementInformationHamming distance and error correction

Separated codewords permit bounded symbol-error recovery.

Mathematical statementInformationInternet protocol layers

Protocol layers divide communication responsibilities.

DefinitionInformationTCP reliable byte-stream transport

TCP orders bytes and retransmits detected losses.

MethodInformationEncryption, hashes and message authentication

Cryptographic primitives serve distinct security properties.

DefinitionInformationPublic-key digital signatures

A signing key and a verification key have different roles.

DefinitionInformationComputable reductions and undecidability

Reduction direction determines which impossibility transfers.

Mathematical statementInformationDecision classes P and NP

Polynomial solving and polynomial verification differ.

DefinitionInformationNP-hardness and NP-completeness

NP-completeness combines verification and reduction hardness.

DefinitionInformationBounded-error randomized computation

Random choices permit a stated probability of error.

DefinitionInformationFinite graphs and trees

Graphs represent pairwise connections; trees impose acyclicity.

DefinitionInformationData-structure interfaces and operation costs

An interface defines operations; an implementation determines costs.

MethodInformationLoop invariants and total correctness

An invariant establishes correctness only with its proof obligations.

Method
MethodSource checked

Scientific records

PhysicsInformationMeasurement

Build an inspectable physics record, test and revise a bounded cart model, preserve processing history, and plan findable data with appropriate sharing conditions.

Key knowledge

Data provenance describes entities, producing activities and responsible agents, together with relations such as generation, use and derivation. This context supports assessment of a record's origin and transformations.

Conditions and scope

  • Provenance describes origin and processing; it does not by itself establish that a measurement or conclusion is correct.
  • This entry covers the W3C provenance model, not a complete laboratory-record or privacy policy.
Sources · 8

References

Sources retain their recorded scope. A source link alone does not establish verification of every statement.

  1. For the Sound Development of Science (second edition)日本学術振興会「科学の健全な発展のために」編集委員会 — Japan Society for the Promotion of Science editorial committeeTeaching resource · PDFjsps.go.jpRead source
  2. NIST Research Data Framework (RDaF), version 2.0, SP 1500-18r2 (cover: February 2024)Robert J. Hanisch, Debra L. Kaiser, Alda Yuan, Andrea Medina-Smith, Bonnie C. Carroll and Eva M. Campo — NIST RDaF teamReference guidenvlpubs.nist.govRead source
  3. Checklist for a Data Management Plan, version 4.0 (2013)Digital Curation Centre — Edinburgh, United KingdomReference guide · PDFdcc.ac.ukRead source
  4. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship (2016)Mark D. Wilkinson, Michel Dumontier, IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg and coauthors — international collaborationReference guidepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govRead source
  5. Recommendation on Open Science (23 November 2021)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)Reference guideunesco.orgRead source
  6. About recordsZenodo — CERN and OpenAIREReference guidehelp.zenodo.orgRead source
  7. PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model (2013), Introduction and core structuresW3C Provenance Working GroupReference guidew3.orgRead source
  8. PROV and Real Things · MODSIM2015Simon J. D. Cox and Nicholas J. Car · CSIROResearch paper · PDFmssanz.org.auRead source

Evidence and review

Entity, activity, agent and derivation concepts in PROV-DM.

2026-10-10 · Checked against the W3C Recommendation, rather than treating its nonnormative overview as the standard.

Foundational review

2026-10-10 · Fresh primary-source inspection of the complete compact record, including every statement, equation, quantity and material condition, followed by independent AI editorial review. This check does not certify all linked lessons or every passage of every cited publication.

Sources from other places

Agreement within this scope

PROV describes entities, activities, agents, generation, use and derivation, including physical samples and digital outputs.

Provenance makes the origin and transformation of a record assessable; it does not itself establish truth.

Related reference entries

Explore relationships within this area of study and its connections to other areas.

Showing 1–4 of 4 relationships

Learning guidance · 4 / 4

Preserved learning suggestions. They are not proof, empirical evidence or mandatory prerequisites.

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scientific-records-data-management-open-science