Foundations

Reaction rate measures change over time; a rate law describes its dependence under specified conditions.

A catalyst changes the reaction pathway and rate, while preserving the equilibrium constant for the same reaction.

Cell theory describes the organization and reproduction of cellular life.

DNA's base sequence stores biological information.

Gene expression produces functional RNA or protein from gene information.

Complementary base pairing allows DNA strands to serve as copying templates.

DNA duplication, nuclear division and cytoplasmic division are distinct events in a typical mitotic cycle.

Typical diploid meiosis halves the number of chromosome sets through two divisions after one DNA replication.

A diploid individual's paired alleles can segregate into gametes.

Evolution concerns inherited change across generations.

Heritable variation can change through differences in reproductive contribution.

Chance can change allele frequencies independently of an adaptive advantage.

Evolutionary relationships describe descent from shared ancestors.

Metabolism comprises the regulated chemical reactions of living systems.

Oxygenic photosynthesis couples light-energy capture to carbon fixation and releases oxygen from water.

Aerobic respiration couples nutrient oxidation to ATP production, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Selective membranes and transport proteins regulate movement between a cell and its surroundings.

Ecology examines organisms' interactions with one another and their physical environment.

Feedback can maintain internal variables within functional ranges.

Rock materials can change through multiple geological pathways.

Moving lithospheric plates organize many large-scale geological processes.

Water moves among reservoirs above, on and below Earth's surface.

Carbon moves through biological, oceanic, atmospheric and geological reservoirs.

Earth's energy storage changes when incoming and outgoing energy differ.

Infrared absorption and emission affect how Earth loses heat to space.

Weather describes short-term conditions; climate describes their longer-term patterns.

An orbiting body can remain in continuous gravitational free fall.

Main-sequence stars release energy by fusing hydrogen into helium.

Expansion and relic radiation support an earlier hot, dense Universe.

Quantifiers bind variables over a specified domain.