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Showing 241–270 of 1709 reference entries

Physics · Earth & cosmosNuclear binding energy

A bound nucleus has less rest mass than its separated nucleons.

ModelPhysics · Earth & cosmosExponential radioactive decay

A fixed decay probability per time gives a population timescale.

ModelPhysics · Earth & cosmosFission, fusion and reaction energy

Nuclear rearrangement can release or require energy.

ModelPhysicsScattering cross section

Normalize a scattering rate by incident flux.

ModelPhysicsStandard Model matter families

Quarks and leptons form three generations.

ModelPhysicsStandard Model interactions

Gauge fields mediate three interactions; the Higgs is a scalar sector.

ModelPhysicsInteraction-specific quantum-number balances

A balance rule must name the interaction where it applies.

ModelPhysics · ChemistryBloch states and electronic bands

A periodic crystal potential organizes energies by wavevector and band.

ModelPhysics · ChemistrySemiconductor electrons and holes

Band occupancy and doping control mobile carriers.

ModelPhysicsBose and Fermi thermal occupations

Indistinguishable particles have different equilibrium state populations.

ModelChemistryElectron screening and effective nuclear attraction

Other electrons modify the attraction experienced by an electron in an atom.

ModelChemistryMultielectron ground-state configurations

Orbital occupations connect atomic electronic structure with valence chemistry.

ModelChemistryLocalized bonds and resonance descriptions

Localized orbital overlap and resonance are complementary chemical descriptions.

ModelChemistryMolecular orbitals and bonding occupation

A molecular orbital description distributes electronic states across a molecule.

ModelChemistryIntermolecular interactions

Dispersion, dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding influence molecular materials.

ModelChemistryBonding classes of solids

Ionic, metallic, molecular and network solids organize common bonding patterns.

DefinitionChemistryPolymers and macromolecular architecture

Polymers are substances composed of macromolecules with recurring structural units.

DefinitionChemistryCoordination compounds and ligands

Ligand donor atoms surround a central metal in a coordination sphere.

DefinitionChemistryActivities and chemical potentials

Activity expresses composition relative to a specified thermodynamic standard state.

DefinitionChemistrypH and hydrogen-ion activity

pH is an activity-based quantity realized through measurement conventions.

DefinitionChemistryBuffers and finite buffering capacity

An acid–base pair can resist limited changes in solution pH.

ModelChemistrySolubility products and precipitation

An equilibrium product constrains dissolution of a specified solid phase.

ModelChemistryReference electrodes and redox potentials

Electrode potentials are specified relative to a reference half-cell.

DefinitionChemistryThe Nernst equilibrium relation

Reversible electrochemical potential depends on activities and temperature.

ModelChemistryElementary steps and reaction mechanisms

A mechanism proposes steps that account for an overall chemical transformation.

ModelChemistryArrhenius temperature dependence

Many rate constants follow an exponential temperature model over a limited range.

ApproximationChemistryHess's law and thermochemical accounting

Reaction enthalpies can be combined because enthalpy is a state function.

ModelChemistryPhase diagrams and coexistence

Phase diagrams describe equilibrium states under stated conditions.

ModelChemistryCalibration, standards and matrix effects

Quantitative analysis needs a validated relation between response and analyte amount.

MethodChemistryChromatographic retention and separation

Differential interactions with mobile and stationary phases separate mixture components.

Method
ModelSource checked

Semiconductor electrons and holes

PhysicsChemistry

Band occupancy and doping control mobile carriers.

Key knowledge

In a semiconductor band model, conduction-band electrons and holes in an otherwise filled valence band carry charge. Donor and acceptor doping can produce electron- or hole-dominated conduction in the stated operating regime.

Conditions and scope

  • Specify temperature, dopant activation and material; majority-carrier labels are conditional, not universal at every temperature.
  • A hole is a missing-electron excitation, not a proton; no universal numerical band-gap cutoff is used.
Sources · 2

References

Sources retain their recorded scope. A source link alone does not establish verification of every statement.

  1. Samuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny and William Moebs / OpenStax, Rice University2 sources
    1. University Physics 3: Semiconductors and DopingSamuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny and William Moebs / OpenStax, Rice UniversityTextbook chapteropenstax.orgRead source
    2. University Physics 3: Band Theory of SolidsSamuel J. Ling, Jeff Sanny and William Moebs / OpenStax, Rice UniversityTextbook chapteropenstax.orgRead source

Evidence and review

Section 9.6 electron/hole and donor/acceptor passages; 9.5 occupancy/gap comparison.

2026-10-10 · Band-carrier and doping concepts only; material parameters, device performance and strong-correlation models excluded.

Related reference entries

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Showing 1–3 of 3 relationships

Scientific relationships · 3 / 3

The relationship type describes the connection. Its linked statements, sources and conditions define the scope.

  1. Uses definition
    Relationship sources · 2

    Linked statements

    • In a semiconductor band model, conduction-band electrons and holes in an otherwise filled valence band carry charge. Donor and acceptor doping can produce electron- or hole-dominated conduction in the stated operating regime.

    Carrier descriptions use conduction/valence bands and a material-specific gap.

  2. Uses definition
    Relationship sources · 1

    Linked statements

    • In nondegenerate three-dimensional parabolic bands, n=N_c exp[−(E_c−μ)/(k_BT)] and p=N_v exp[−(μ−E_v)/(k_BT)], where N_c,v=2(2πm_c,v*k_BT/h²)³ᐟ² for one isotropic valley including two spins. Thus np=N_cN_v exp[−E_g/(k_BT)]=n_i². Charge neutrality gives n+N_A⁻=p+N_D⁺; intrinsic material has n=p=n_i.

    Conduction electrons, valence holes and ionized dopants provide the neutrality and density variables.

  3. Related to
    Relationship sources · 1

    Linked statements

    • A single electron-carrier Drude model has dp/dt=−e(E+v×B)−p/τ. In zero magnetic field its steady conductivity is σ=ne²τ/m and drift mobility is eτ/m; its weak-field Hall coefficient is R_H=−1/(ne) under the electron-sign convention E_y=R_H j_x B_z.

    Carrier density/charge and band validity must be supplied; one-carrier Drude does not predict every semiconductor or Hall response.

Entry detailsPermanent link to this entry ↗
Record identity
physics-semiconductor-carriers
Revision
university-reference.1
Structured reference record
University reference · University core expansion